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DS89C420
Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
www.maxim-ic.com
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DS89C420 offers the highest performance available in 8051-compatible microcontrollers. It features a redesigned processor core that executes every 8051 instruction (depending on the instruction type) up to 12 times faster than the original for the same crystal speed. Typical applications see a speed improvement of 10 times using the same code and crystal. The DS89C420 offers a maximum crystal speed of 33MHz, achieving execution rates up to 33 million instructions per second (MIPS). The DS89C430 ultra-high-speed flash microcontroller is an improved version of the DS89C420. The device offers more features, such as in-application programming, for approximately the same price. Engineers interested in the DS89C420 are encouraged to compare both devices when selecting an ultra-high-speed flash microcontroller.
FEATURES
80C52 Compatible 8051 Pin- and Instruction-Set Compatible Four Bidirectional I/O Ports Three 16-Bit Timer Counters 256 Bytes Scratchpad RAM On-Chip Memory 16kB Flash Memory In-System Programmable through Serial Port 1kB SRAM for MOVX ROMSIZE Feature Selects Internal Program Memory Size from 0 to 16k Allows Access to Entire External Memory Map Dynamically Adjustable by Software High-Speed Architecture 1 Clock-Per-Machine Cycle DC to 33MHz Operation Single-Cycle Instruction in 30ns Optional Variable Length MOVX to Access Fast/Slow Peripherals Dual Data Pointers with Auto Increment/Decrement and Toggle Select Supports Four Paged Modes Power Management Mode Programmable Clock Divider Automatic Hardware and Software Exit Two Full-Duplex Serial Ports Programmable Watchdog Timer 13 Interrupt Sources (Six External) Five Levels of Interrupt Priority Power-Fail Reset Early Warning Power-Fail Interrupt
APPLICATIONS
Data Logging Vending Automotive Test Equipment Motor Control Gaming Equipment Magstripe Reader/Scanner Consumer Electronics Telephones Appliances (Washers, Microwaves, etc.) Security and Door Access Control Building Energy Control and Management Uninterruptible Power Supplies Programmable Logic Controllers Industrial Control and Automation

ORDERING INFORMATION
PART DS89C420-MNG DS89C420-QNG DS89C420-ENG DS89C420-MCL DS89C420-QCL DS89C420-ECL DS89C420-MNL DS89C420-QNL DS89C420-ENL TEMP RANGE -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C 0C to +70C 0C to +70C 0C to +70C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C MAX CLOCK SPEED (MHz) 25 25 25 33 33 33 33 33 33 PINPACKAGE 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP
The Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide should be used in conjunction with this data sheet. Download it at www.maxim-ic.com/microcontrollers.
Pin Configurations appear at end of data sheet.
Note: Some revisions of this device may incorporate deviations from published specifications known as errata. Multiple revisions of any device may be simultaneously available through various sales channels. For information about device errata, click here: www.maxim-ic.com/errata.
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REV: 081805
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Voltage Range on Any Pin Relative to Ground Voltage Range on VCC Relative to Ground Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Soldering Temperature -0.3V to (VCC + 0.5V) -0.3V to +6.0V -40C to +85C -55C to +125C See IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020 Specification
Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods can affect device reliability.
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = -40C to +85C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER SYMBOL Supply Voltage VCC Power-Fail Warning Reset Trip Point Supply Current Active Mode (Note 3) Supply Current Idle Mode (Note 4) Supply Current Stop Mode, Bandgap Disabled Supply Current Stop Mode, Bandgap Enabled Input Low Level Input High Level Input High Level XTAL and RST Output Low Voltage; Port 1 and 3 at IOL = 1.6mA Output Low Voltage; Port 0 and 2, ALE, PSEN at IOL = 3.2mA Output High Voltage; Port 1, 2, and 3, ALE, PSEN at IOH = -50mA Output High Voltage; Port 1, 2, and 3 at IOH = -1.5mA Output High Voltage; Port 0 and 2 in Bus Mode at IOH = -8mA Output High Voltage, RST at IOL = 0.4mA Input Low Current; Port 1, 2, and 3 at 0.4V Transition Current from 1 to 0; Port 1, 2, and 3 at 2V Input Leakage Current, Port 0 in I/O Mode and EA Input Leakage Current, Port 0 in Bus Mode RST Pulldown Resistance VPFW VRST ICC IIDLE ISTOP ISPBG VIL VIH VIH2 VOL1 VOL2 VOH1 VOH2 VOH3 VOH4 IIL ITL IL IL RRST (Note 9) (Note 11) (Note 10) (Note 11) CONDITIONS (Notes 2, 13) (Notes 2, 12) (Notes 2, 12, 13) 33MHz 25MHz 33MHz 25MHz (Note 5) (Note 5) (Note 2) (Note 2) (Note 2) (Note 2) (Note 2) (Notes 2, 7) (Notes 2, 8) (Notes 2, 6) (Notes 2, 14) 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 -55 -650 -10 -300 50 +10 +300 170 -0.3 2.0 3.5 0.15 0.15 MIN 4.5 4.2 3.95 TYP 5.0 4.375 4.125 100 75 40 40 MAX 5.5 4.6 4.35 150 125 50 50 40 40 +0.8 VCC + 0.3 VCC + 0.3 0.45 0.45 UNITS V V V mA mA mA mA V V V V V V V V V A A A A kW
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Note 1: Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and not production tested. Note 2: All voltages are referenced to ground. Note 3: Active current is measured with a 25MHz/33MHz clock source driving XTAL1, VCC = RST = 5.5V. All other pins disconnected. Note 4: Idle mode current measured with a 25MHz/33MHz clock source driving XTAL1, VCC = 5.5V, RST at ground. All other pins disconnected. Note 5: Stop mode measured with XTAL and RST grounded, VCC = 5.5V. All other pins disconnected. Note 6: When addressing external memory. Note 7: RST = 5.5V. This condition mimics the operation of pins in I/O mode. Note 8: During a 0-to-1 transition, a one-shot drives the ports hard for two clock cycles. This measurement reflects a port pin in transition mode. Note 9: Ports 1, 2, and 3 source transition current when being pulled down externally. The current reaches its maximum at approximately 2V. Note 10: This port is a weak address holding latch in bus mode. Peak current occurs near the input transition point of the holding latch at approximately 2V. Note 11: RST = 5.5V. Port 0 floating during reset and when in the logic-high state during I/O mode. Note 12: While the specifications for VPFW and VRST overlap, the design of the hardware makes it such that this is not possible. Within the ranges given, there is a guaranteed separation between these two voltages. Note 13: The user should note that this part is tested and guaranteed to operate down to 4.5V (10%) and that VRST (min) is specified below that point. This indicates that there is a range of voltages [VMIN to VRST (min)] where the processor's operation is not guaranteed, but the reset trip point has not been reached. This should not be an issue in most applications, but should be considered when proper operation must be maintained at all times. For these applications, it may be desirable to use a more accurate external reset. Note 14: Guaranteed by design.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
AC CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = -40C to +85C)* (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3)
1 CYCLE PARAMETER SYMBOL PAGE MODE 1 MIN
System Clock (Note 1)
2 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN 0 0 1 1 tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3 MAX 25 33 25 33 MIN 0 0 1 1
4 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MAX 25 33 25 33
PAGE MODE 2 MIN 0 0 1 1 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC3 tCLCL - 2 MAX 25 33 25 33
NON-PAGE MODE MIN 0 0 1 1 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC3 0.5tCLCL - 2 MAX 25 33 25 33
UNITS
MAX 25 33 25 33
External Oscillator (25MHz, 33MHz) External Crystal (25MHz, 33MHz)
0 0 1 / tCLCL 1 1 tLHLL 0.5tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3
MHz
ALE Pulse Width (Note 2)
2tCLCL - 4 + tSTC3
ns
Port 0 Instruction Address Valid to ALE Low Port 2 Instruction Address Valid to ALE Low Port 0 Data AddressValid to ALE Low Program Address Hold After ALE Low Address Hold After ALE Low MOVX Write Address Hold After ALE Low MOVX Read ALE Low to Valid Instruction In ALE Low to PSEN Low PSEN Pulse Width for Program Fetch
tAVLL
ns
tAVLL2
0.5tCLCL - 4
0.5tCLCL - 4
1.5tCLCL - 5
0.5tCLCL - 2 tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3
tCLCL - 2 0.5tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3 0.5tCLCL - 8 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 2.5tCLCL 20 2.5tCLCL 20 0.5tCLCL - 6
ns
tAVLL3
ns
tLLAX
0.5tCLCL - 8
1.5tCLCL - 8 1.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 1.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4
2.5tCLCL - 8 2.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 2.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4
0.5tCLCL - 8 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4
ns
tLLAX2
0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4
ns
tLLAX3
ns
tLLIV
ns
tLLPL
1.5tCLCL - 6
ns
tPLPH
tCLCL - 5
tCLCL - 5
2tCLCL - 5
tCLCL - 5
2tCLCL - 5
ns
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
1 CYCLE PARAMETER SYMBOL PAGE MODE 1 MIN PSEN Low to Valid Instruction In Input Instruction Hold After PSEN Input Instruction Float After PSEN Port 0 Address to Valid Instruction In Port 2 Address to Valid Instruction In PSEN Low to Port 0 Address Float RD Pulse Width (P3.7) (Note 2) WR Pulse Width (P3.6) (Note 2) RD (P3.7) Low to Valid Data In (Note 2) Data Hold After RD (P3.7) tPLIV MAX tCLCL - 18 MIN 2 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MAX tCLCL - 18 MIN 4 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MAX 2tCLCL - 18
PAGE MODE 2 MIN MAX tCLCL - 18
NON-PAGE MODE MIN MAX 2tCLCL - 18
UNITS
ns
tPXIX
0
0
0
0
0
ns
tPXIZ
tCLCL - 5 1.5tCLCL 20 1.5tCLCL 18 2.5tCLCL 18
tCLCL - 5
ns
tAVIV0
3tCLCL - 20 3.5tCLCL 20 0
ns
tAVIV2
tCLCL - 18
3tCLCL - 20
ns
tPLAZ tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 15 + tSTC1 0 0 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 15 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 15 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1
0
ns
tRLRH
2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 15 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 15 + tSTC1
ns
tWLWH
ns
tRLDV
ns
tRHDX
ns
Data Float After RD (P3.7) MOVX ALE Low to Input Data Valid (Note 2) Port 0 Address to Valid Data In (Note 2)
tRHDZ
tCLCL - 5 2.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 3tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1
tCLCL - 5 2.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 3tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1
ns
tLLDV
ns
tAVDV0
ns
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
1 CYCLE PARAMETER SYMBOL PAGE MODE 1 MIN Port 2 Address to Valid Data In (Note 2) ALE Low to RD or WR Low (Note 2) Port 0 Address Valid to RD or WR Low (Note 2) Port 2 Address Valid to RD or WR Low (Note 2) Data Out Valid to WR Transition (Note 1) Data Hold After WR (Note 1) RD or WR High to ALE High (Note 1) tAVDV2 tLLRL
(tLLWL)
2 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN MAX 1.5tCLCL 16 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 2tCLCL + 8 + tSTC2 MIN
4 CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MAX 3.5tCLCL 16 + tSTC1 4tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 4tCLCL + 8 + tSTC2
PAGE MODE 2 MIN MAX 3.0tCLCL 16 + tSTC1 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL + 4 + tSTC2
NON-PAGE MODE MIN MAX 3.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC2 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5 0.5tCLCL + 4 + tSTC2
UNITS
MAX tCLCL - 16 + tSTC1
ns
0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2
0.5tCLCL + 1 + tSTC2
ns
tAVRL0
(tAVWL0)
ns
tAVRL2 (tAVWL2) tQVWX
0 + tSTC5 - 5
0.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5
1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5
tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5
ns
-5
ns
tWHQX tRHLH
(tWHLH)
20
20
20
20
20
ns
tSTC2 - 2
tSTC2 + 6
tSTC2 - 2
tSTC2 + 6
tSTC2 - 2
tSTC2 + 6
tSTC2 - 2
tSTC2 + 6
tSTC2 - 2
tSTC2 + 6
ns
*Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and not production tested.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Note 1: The clock divide and crystal multiplier control bits in the PMR register determine the system clock frequency and the minimum/ maximum external clock speed. The term "1/tCLCL" used in the AC Characteristics variable timing table is determined from the following table. The minimum/maximum external clock speed columns clarify that [(external clock speed) x (multipliers)] cannot exceed the rated speed of the device. In addition, the use of the crystal multiplier feature establishes a minimum external speed. CD1 0 0 0 1 1 CD0 0 0 1 0 1 Number of External Clock Cycles per System Clock (1/tCLCL) 1/4 1/2 Reserved 1 1024 External Clock Speed Min 5MHz 10MHz -- See AC Characteristics See AC Characteristics Max 8.25MHz 16.5MHz -- See AC Characteristics See AC Characteristics
4X/2X 1 0 X X X
Note 2: External MOVX instruction times are dependent on the setting of the MD2, MD1, and MD0 bits in the clock control register. The terms "tSTC1, tSTC2, tSTC3" used in the variable timing table are calculated through the use of the table given below. MD2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 MD1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 MD0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 MOVX INSTRUCTION TIME (MACHINE CYCLES) 2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 tSTC1 (tCLCL) 0 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 tSTC2 (tCLCL) 0 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 tSTC3 (tCLCL) 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 tSTC4 (tCLCL) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 tSTC5 (tCLCL) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Note 3: Maximum load capacitance (to meet the above timing) for Port 0, ALE, PSEN, WR, and RD is limited to 60pF. XTAL1 and XTAL2 load capacitance is dependent on the frequency of the selected crystal.
Figure 1. Non-Page Mode Timing
XTAL1 ALE
tCLCL tAVLL2
tLHLL tAVLL3 tLLAX3 tPLPH tPLIV tRLRH tPLAZ tLLAX2
PSEN
tAVLL tLLPL tPXIX
tWHLH tLLWL tWLWH
RD
WR
tLLDV tLLIV tLLAX tAVIV0
LSB MOVX
tAVDV0 tRLDV
LSB DATA
tRHDX tRHDZ
LSB
tAVWL0 tWHQX tQVWX
OPCODE LSB DATA
Port 0
LSB
MOVX
tPXIZ
Port 2 MSB
tAVWL2 tAVDV2
MSB MSB
tAVIV2
MSB MSB
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 2. Page-Mode 1 Timing
XTAL1
tCLCL
ALE
tLHLL tAVLL2 tLLAX3 tLLWL tPLPH tLLAX tLLAX2 tWHLH
PSEN
RD
tRLRH
WR
tQVWX tPXIX tPLIV
OPCODE
tWHQX tWLWH
tRHDX tAVIV2
Port 0
OPCODE MOVX MOVX
tRLDV
DATA
tAVWL2
DATA
tAVDV2
Port 2
LSB LSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB
Figure 3. Page-Mode 2 Timing
XTAL1 ALE
tCLCL tAVLL tAVLL2 tLLPL tPLIV
tLHLL tPLPH tAVLL3 tLLAX3 tRLRH tLLDV tRLDV tAVWL0 tRHDX
LSB
tLLAX2
PSEN
tPLAZ tWLWH
tWHLH tLLWL
RD
WR
tAVIV0 tPXIX tLLIV
tAVWL2 tAVDV0
tWHQX
LSB
Port 0
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
tPXIZ tLLAX
Port 2
MSB OPCODE MOVX MOVX
tAVDV2
MSB DATA
tRHDZ tAVIV2
MSB OPCODE MSB
tQVWX
DATA
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
EXTERNAL CLOCK CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = -40C to +85C.)* PARAMETER Clock High Time Clock Low Time Clock Rise Time Clock Fall Time SYMBOL tCHCX tCLCX tCLCH tCHCL MIN 10 10 5 5 MAX UNITS ns ns ns ns
SERIAL PORT MODE 0 TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = -40C to +85C.)* (Figure 4) PARAMETER Clock Cycle Time Output Data Setup to Clock Rising Output Data Hold to Clock Rising Input Data Hold after Clock Rising Clock Rising Edge to Input Data Valid SYMBOL tXLXL CONDITIONS SM2 = 0 SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tQVXH SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tXHQX SM2 = 1 tXHDX tXHDV SM2 = 1 40 SM2 = 0 SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 20 0 0 200 40 50 33MHz MIN MAX 360 120 200 VARIABLE MIN MAX 12tCLCL 4tCLCL 10tCLCL 100 3tCLCL 10 2tCLCL 10 tCLCL 100 0 0 10tCLCL 100 3tCLCL 50 UNITS ns
ns
ns ns
ns
Note: SM2 is the serial port 0, mode bit 2. When serial port 0 is operating in mode 0 (SM0 = SM1 = 0), SM2 determines the number of crystal clocks in a serial-port clock cycle. *Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and not production tested.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 4. Serial Port Timing
SERIAL PORT (SYNCHRONOUS MODE) SM2 = 1 TDX CLOCK = XTAL FREQ/4
ALE
PSEN
WRITE TO SBUF RXD DATA OUT TXD CLOCK
tQVXH
D0
tXHQX
DI D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
TRANSMIT
tXLXL
TI WRITE TO SCON TO CLEAR RI RXD DATA IN TXD CLOCK R1 D0 DI D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
RECEIVE
tXHDV
tXHDX
SERIAL PORT (SYNCHRONOUS MODE) SM2 = 0 TDX CLOCK = XTAL FREQ/12
ALE
PSEN
1/(XTAL FREQ/12)
WRITE TO SBUF RXD DATA OUT TXD CLOCK TI
D0 DI D6 D7
TRANSMIT
WRITE TO SCON TXD CLOCK TO CLEAR RI RXD DATA IN TXD CLOCK R1
D0 DI D6 D7
RECEIVE
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
POWER CYCLE TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = -40C to +85C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER Crystal Startup Time Power-On Reset Delay SYMBOL tCSU tPOR CONDITIONS (Note 2) (Note 3) MIN TYP 8 65,536 MAX UNITS ms tCLCL
Note 1: Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and not production tested. Note 2: Startup time for a crystal varies with load capacitance and manufacturer. Time shown is for a 11.0592MHz crystal manufactured by Fox Electronics. Note 3: Reset delay is a synchronous counter of crystal oscillations after crystal startup. Counting begins when the level on the XTAL1 pin meets the VIH2 criteria. At 33MHz, this time is 1.99ms.
FLASH MEMORY PROGRAMMING CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V; TA = +21C to +27C.) PARAMETER Oscillator Frequency Address Setup to PROG Low Address Hold After PROG Data Setup to PROG Low Data Hold After PROG
PROG Pulse Width
SYMBOL 1 / tCLCL tAVGL tGHAX tDVGL tGHDX tGLGH tAVQV tELQV tEHQZ tGHGL
CONDITIONS
MIN 4 48tCLCL 48tCLCL 48tCLCL 48tCLCL 85
TYP
MAX 6
UNITS MHz
100 48tCLCL 48tCLCL
ms
Address to Data Valid Enable Low to Data Valid Data Float After Enable
PROG High to PROG Low
0 10
48tCLCL ms
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
PIN DESCRIPTION
DIP 40 20 PIN PLCC 12, 44 1, 22, 23, 34 TQFP 6, 38 16, 17, 28, 39 4 NAME VCC GND VCC - +5V Logic Ground External Reset. The RST input pin is bidirectional and contains a Schmitt trigger to recognize external active-high reset inputs. The pin also employs an internal pulldown resistor to allow for a combination of wire-ORed external reset sources. An RC is not required for power-up, since the device provides this function internally. XTAL1, XTAL2. The crystal oscillator pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 provide support for fundamental mode parallel resonant, AT cut crystals. XTAL1 also acts as an input if there is an external clock source in place of a crystal. XTAL2 serves as the output of the crystal amplifier. Program Store Enable. This signal is commonly connected to optional external program memory as a chip enable. PSEN provides an active-low pulse and is driven high when external program memory is not being accessed. In 1-cycle page mode 1, PSEN remains low for consecutive page hits. Address Latch Enable. Functions as a clock to latch the external address LSB from the multiplexed address/data bus on Port 0. This signal is commonly connected to the latch enable of an external 373 family transparent latch. In default mode, ALE has a pulse width of 1.5 XTAL1 cycles and a period of four XTAL1 cycles. In page mode, the ALE pulse width is altered according to the page mode selection. In traditional 8051 mode, ALE is high when using the EMI reduction mode and during a reset condition. ALE can be enabled by writing ALEON = 1 (PMR.2). Note that ALE operates independently of ALEON during external memory accesses. As an alternate mode, this pin (PROG) is used to execute the parallel program function. Port 0 (AD0-7), I/O. Port 0 is an open-drain 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port. As an alternate function, Port 0 can function as the multiplexed address/data bus to access off-chip memory. During the time when ALE is high, the LSB of a memory address is presented. When ALE falls to a logic 0, the port transitions to a bidirectional data bus. This bus is used to read external program memory and read/write external RAM or peripherals. When used as a memory bus, the port provides weak pullups for logic 1 outputs. The reset condition of Port 0 is three-state. Pullup resistors are required when using Port 0 as an I/O port. Port 1, I/O. Port 1 functions as both an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port and an alternate functional interface for timer 2 I/O, new external interrupts, and new serial port 1. The reset condition of port 1 is with all bits at logic 1. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input state, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C420 activates a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes the output high (and input) state. The alternate functions of Port 1 are outlined below. PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTION P1.0 T2 External I/O for Timer/Counter 2 P1.1 T2EX Timer 2 Capture/Reload Trigger P1.2 RXD1 Serial Port 1 Receive P1.3 TXD1 Serial Port 1 Transmit P1.4 INT2 External Interrupt 2 (Positive Edge Detect) P1.5 External Interrupt 3 (Negative Edge Detect) INT3 P1.6 INT4 External Interrupt 4 (Positive Edge Detect) P1.7 External Interrupt 5 (Negative Edge Detect) INT5 FUNCTION
9
10
RST
19 18
21 20
15 14
XTAL1 XTAL2
29
32
26
PSEN
30
33
27
ALE/PROG
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36
37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30
P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7)
1-8
2-9
40-44, 1- 3
P1.0-P1.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41 42 43 44 1 2 3
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
PIN DESCRIPTION (continued)
DIP 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 PIN PLCC 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TQFP 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 NAME P2.0 (A8) P2.1 (A9) P2.2 (A10) P2.3 (A11) P2.4 (A12) P2.5 (A13) P2.6 (A14) P2.7 (A15) FUNCTION Port 2 (A8-15), I/O. Port 2 is an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port. The reset condition of port 2 is logic high. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input mode, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C420 activates a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes both the output high and input state. As an alternate function, port 2 can function as the MSB of the external address bus when reading external program memory and read/write external RAM or peripherals. In page mode 1, port 2 provides both the MSB and LSB of the external address bus; in page mode 2, it provides the MSB and data. Port 3, I/O. Port 3 functions as both an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port and an alternate functional interface for external interrupts, serial port 0, timer 0 and 1 inputs, and RD and WR strobes. The reset condition of port 3 is with all bits at logic 1. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input mode, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C420 activates a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes both the output high and input state. The alternate modes of Port 3 are outlined below. PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTION P3.0 RXD0 Serial Port 0 Receive P3.1 TXD0 Serial Port 0 Transmit P3.2 External Interrupt 0 INT0 P3.3 External Interrupt 1 INT1 P3.4 T0 Timer 0 External Input P3.5 T1 Timer 1 External Input P3.6 External Data Memory Write Strobe WR P3.7 External Data Memory Read Strobe RD External Access. Allows selection of internal or external program memory. Connect to ground to force the DS89C420 to use an external memoryprogram memory. The internal RAM is still accessible as determined by register settings. Connect to VCC to use internal flash memory.
10-17
11, 13-19
5, 7-13
P3.0-P3.7
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 31
11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 35
5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 29
P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 EA
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 5. Block Diagram
Control & Sequencer
Interrupt
SFRs DPTR
PC AR Inc AR
Internal Registers
CPU
DPTR1 SP
Decoder IR
Internal Control Bus
Address Bus
Serial I/O
Timer / Counters
1Kx 8 RAM
16K x 8 Flash
I/O Ports
Watchdog Timer & Power Manager
Clock & Reset
Memory Control
ROM Loader
ALE/PROG
XTAL1
XTAL2
RST
PSEN
Dallas Semiconductor DS89C420
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The DS89C420 is pin compatible with all three packages of the standard 8051 and includes standard resources such as three timer/counters, four 8-bit I/O ports, and a serial port. It features 16kB of in-system programmable flash memory, which can be programmed in-system from an I/O port using a built-in program memory loader. It can also be loaded externally using standard commercially available programmers. Besides greater speed, the DS89C420 includes 1kB of data RAM, a second full-hardware serial port, seven additional interrupts, two more levels of interrupt priority, programmable watchdog timer, brownout monitor, and power-fail reset. The device also provides dual data pointers (DPTRs) to speed up block-data memory moves. This feature is further enhanced with a new selectable automatic increment/decrement and toggle-select operation. The speed of MOVX data memory access can be adjusted by adding stretch values up to 10 machine cycle times for flexibility in selecting external memory and peripherals. A power management mode (PMM) significantly consumes less power by slowing the CPU execution rate from 1 clock period per cycle to 1024 clock periods per cycle. A selectable switchback feature can automatically cancel this mode to enable a normal speed response to interrupts. The EMI reduction feature disables the ALE signal when the processor is not accessing external memory.
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EA
P0 P1 P2 P3
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
COMPATIBILITY
The DS89C420 is a fully static CMOS 8051-compatible microcontroller similar to the DS87C520 in functional features, but with much higher performance. In most cases the DS89C420 can drop into an existing socket for the 8xC51 family to improve the operation significantly. While remaining familiar to 8051 family users, it has many new features. The DS89C420 runs the standard 8051 family instruction set and is pin compatible with DIP, PLCC, and TQFP packages. In general, software written for existing 8051-based systems works without DS89C420 modification, with the exception of critical timing routines, since the DS89C420 performs its instructions much faster than the original for any given crystal selection. The DS89C420 provides three 16-bit timer/counters, two full-duplex serial ports, and 256 bytes of direct RAM plus 1kB of extra MOVX RAM. I/O ports can operate as in standard 8051 products. Timers default to a 12 clock-percycle operation to keep their timing compatible with original 8051 family systems. However, timers are individually programmable to run at the new 1 clock-per-cycle if desired. The DS89C420 provides several new hardware features implemented by new SFRs.
PERFORMANCE OVERVIEW
The DS89C420 features a completely redesigned high-speed 8051-compatible core and allows operation at a higher clock frequency, but the updated core does not have the dummy memory cycles that are present in a standard 8051. A conventional 8051 generates machine cycles using the clock frequency divided by 12. In the DS89C420, the same machine cycle takes 1 clock. Thus, the fastest instructions execute 12 times faster for the same crystal frequency (and actually 24 times faster for the INC data pointer instruction). It should be noted that this speed improvement reduces when using external memory access modes that require more than 1 clock per cycle. Improvement of individual programs depends on the actual instructions used. Speed-sensitive applications make the most use of instructions that are 12 times faster. However, the sheer number of 12-to-1 improved op codes makes dramatic speed improvements likely for any code. These architecture improvements produce instruction cycle times as low as 30ns (33MIPs). The dual data pointer feature also allows the user to eliminate wasted instructions when moving blocks of memory. The new page modes allow for increased efficiency in external memory accesses.
INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY
All instructions perform the same functions as their 8051 counterparts. Their effect on bits, flags, and other status functions is also identical. However, the timing of each instruction is different in both absolute and relative number of clocks. For absolute timing of real-time events, the timing of software loops can be calculated using information in the "Instruction Set" table of the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. However, counter/timers default to run at the older 12 clocks per increment. In this way, timer-based events occur at the standard intervals with software executing at higher speed. Timers optionally can run at lower numbers of clocks per increment to take advantage of faster processor operation. The relative time of some instructions might be different in the new architecture than it was previously. For example, in the original architecture, the "MOVX A, @DPTR" instruction and the "MOV direct, direct" instruction used two machine cycles or 24 oscillator cycles. Therefore, they required the same amount of time. In the DS89C420, the MOVX instruction takes as little as two machine cycles or two oscillator cycles but the "MOV direct, direct" uses three machine cycles or three oscillator cycles. While both are faster than their original counterparts, they now have different execution times. This is because the DS89C420 usually uses one machine cycle for each instruction byte and requires one cycle for execution. The user concerned with precise program timing should examine the timing of each instruction to become familiar with the changes.
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS (SFRS)
All peripherals and operations that are not explicit instructions in the DS89C420 are controlled through SFRs. The most common features basic to the architecture are mapped to the SFRs. These include the CPU registers (ACC, B, and PSW), data pointers (DPTRs), stack pointer, I/O ports, timer/counters, and serial ports. In many cases, an SFR controls an individual function or reports the function's status. The SFRs reside in register locations 80h-FFh and are only accessible by direct addressing. SFRs whose addresses end in 0h or 8h are bit-addressable. 15 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller All standard SFR locations from the 8051 are duplicated in the DS89C420 and several SFRs have been added for the unique features of the DS89C420. Most of these features are controlled by bits in SFRs located in unused locations in the 8051 SFR map. This allows for increased functionality while maintaining complete instruction set compatibility. Table 1 summarizes the SFRs and their locations. Table 2 specifies the default reset condition for all SFR bits.
DATA POINTERS
The data pointers (DPTR and DPTR1) are used to assign a memory address for the MOVX instructions. This address can point to a MOVX RAM location (on-chip or off-chip), or a memory-mapped peripheral. Two pointers are useful when moving data from one memory area to another, or when using a memory-mapped peripheral for both source and destination addresses. The user selects the active pointer through a dedicated SFR bit (Sel = DPS.0), or activates an automatic toggling feature for altering the pointer selection (TSL = DPS.5). An additional feature, if selected, provides automatic incrementing or decrementing of the current DPTR.
STACK POINTER
The stack pointer denotes the register location at the top of the stack, which is the last used value. The user can place the stack anywhere in the scratchpad RAM by setting the stack pointer to the desired location, although the lower bytes are normally used for working registers.
I/O PORTS
The DS89C420 offers four 8-bit I/O ports. Each I/O port is represented by an SFR location, and can be written or read. The I/O port has a latch that contains the value written by software.
COUNTER/TIMERS
Three 16-bit timer/counters are available in the DS89C420. Each timer is contained in two SFR locations that can be read or written by software. The timers are controlled by other SFRs described in the "SFR Bit Description" section of the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide.
SERIAL PORTS
The DS89C420 provides two UARTs that are controlled and accessed by SFRs. Each UART has an address that is used to read and write the UART. The same address is used for read and write operations, which are distinguished by the instruction. Its own SFR control register controls each UART.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Table 1. Special Function Registers
REGISTER P0 SP DPL DPH DPL1 DPH1 DPS PCON TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 CKCON P1 EXIF CKMOD SCON0 SBUF0 ACON P2 IE SADDR0 SADDR1 P3 IP1 IP0 SADEN0 SADEN1 SCON1 SBUF1 ROMSIZE PMR STATUS TA T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2 PSW FCNTL FDATA WDCON ACC EIE B EIP1 EIP0 ADDR 80h 81h 82h 83h 84h 85h 86h 87h 88h 89h 8Ah 8Bh 8Ch 8Dh 8Eh 90h 91h 96h 98h 99h 9Dh A0h A8h A9h AAh B0h B1h B8h B9h BAh C0h C1h C2h C4h C5h C7h C8h C9h CAh CBh CCh CDh D0h D5h D6h D8h E0h E8h F0h F1h F8h BIT 7 P0.7 -- -- -- -- -- ID1 SMOD_0 TF1 GATE -- -- -- -- WD1 P1.7/INT5 IE5 -- SM0/FE_0 -- PAGEE P2.7 EA -- -- P3.7/RD -- -- -- -- SM0/FE_1 -- -- CD1 PIS2 -- TF2 -- -- -- -- -- CY FBUSY -- SMOD_1 -- -- -- -- -- BIT 6 P0.6 -- -- -- -- -- ID0 SMOD0 TR1 C/T -- -- -- -- WD0 P1.6/INT4 IE4 -- SM1_0 -- PAGES1 P2.6 ES1 -- -- P3.6/WR MPS1 LPS1 -- -- SM1_1 -- -- CD0 PIS1 -- EXF2 -- -- -- -- -- AC FERR -- POR -- -- -- -- -- BIT 5 P0.5 -- -- -- -- -- TSL OFDF TF0 M1 -- -- -- -- T2M P1.5/INT3 IE3 T2MH SM2_0 -- PAGES0 P2.5 ET2 -- -- P3.5/T1 MPT2 LPT2 -- -- SM2_1 -- -- SWB PIS0 -- RCLK -- -- -- -- -- F0 -- -- EPFI -- -- -- -- -- BIT 4 P0.4 -- -- -- -- -- AID OFDE TR0 M0 -- -- -- -- T1M P1.4/INT2 IE2 T1MH REN_0 -- -- P2.4 ES0 -- -- P3.4/T0 MPS0 LPS0 -- -- REN_1 -- -- CTM -- -- TCLK -- -- -- -- -- RS1 -- -- PFI -- EWDI -- MPWDI LPWDI BIT 3 P0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- GF1 IE1 GATE -- -- -- -- T0M P1.3/TXD1 CKRY T0MH TB8_0 -- -- P2.3 ET1 -- -- P3.3/INT1 MPT1 LPT1 -- -- TB8_1 -- PRAME 4X/2X SPTA1 -- EXEN2 -- -- -- -- -- RS0 FC3 -- WDIF -- EX5 -- MPX5 LPX5 BIT 2 P0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- GF0 IT1 C/T -- -- -- -- MD2 P1.2/RXD1 RGMD -- RB8_0 -- -- P2.2 EX1 -- -- P3.2/INT0 MPX1 LPX1 -- -- RB8_1 -- RMS2 ALEON SPRA1 -- TR2 -- -- -- -- -- OV FC2 -- WTRF -- EX4 -- MPX4 LPX4 BIT 1 P0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- STOP IE0 M1 -- -- -- -- MD1 P1.1/T2EX RGSL -- TI_0 -- -- P2.1 ET0 -- -- P3.1/TXD0 MPT0 LPT0 -- -- TI_1 -- RMS1 DME1 SPTA0 -- C/T2 T2OE -- -- -- -- F1 FC1 -- EWT -- EX3 -- MPX3 LPX3 BIT 0 P0.0 -- -- -- -- -- SEL IDLE IT0 M0 -- -- -- -- MD0 P1.0/T2 BGS -- RI_0 -- -- P2.0 EX0 -- -- P3.0/RXD0 MPX0 LPX0 -- -- RI_1 -- RMS0 DME0 SPRA0 -- CP/RL2 DCEN -- -- -- -- P FC0 -- RWT -- EX2 -- MPX2 LPX2
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Table 2. SFR Reset Value
REGISTER P0 SP DPL DPH DPL1 DPH1 DPS PCON TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 CKCON P1 EXIF CKMOD SCON0 SBUF0 ACON P2 IE SADDR0 SADDR1 P3 IP1 IP0 SADEN0 SADEN1 SCON1 SBUF1 ROMSIZE PMR STATUS TA T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2 PSW FCNTL FDATA WDCON ACC EIE B EIP1 EIP0 ADDR 80h 81h 82h 83h 84h 85h 86h 87h 88h 89h 8Ah 8Bh 8Ch 8Dh 8Eh 90h 91h 96h 98h 99h 9Dh A0h A8h A9h AAh B0h B1h B8h B9h BAh C0h C1h C2h C4h C5h C7h C8h C9h CAh CBh CCh CDh D0h D5h D6h D8h E0h E8h F0h F1h F8h BIT 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
There are three distinct memory areas in the DS89C420: scratchpad registers, program memory, and data memory. All registers are located on-chip but the program and data memory spaces can either be on-chip, off-chip, or both. There are 16kB of on-chip program memory implemented in flash memory and 1kB of on-chip data memory space that can be configured as program space using the PRAME bit in the ROMSIZE feature. The DS89C420 uses a memory-addressing scheme that separates program memory from data memory. The program and data segments can be overlapped since they are accessed in different ways. If the maximum address of onchip program or data memory is exceeded, the DS89C420 performs an external memory access using the expanded memory bus. The PSEN signal goes active-low to serve as a chip enable or output enable when performing a code fetch from external program memory. MOVX instructions activate the RD or WR signal for 18 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller external MOVX data memory access. The lower 128 bytes of on-chip flash memory store reset and interrupt vectors. The program memory ROMSIZE feature allows software to dynamically configure the maximum address of on-chip program memory. This allows the DS89C420 to act as a bootloader for an external flash or NV SRAM. It also enables the use of the overlapping external program spaces. 256 bytes of on-chip RAM serve as a register area and program stack, which are separated from the data memory.
REGISTER SPACE
Registers are located in the 256 bytes of on-chip RAM, which can be divided into two subareas of 128 bytes each as illustrated in Figure 6. Separate classes of instructions are used to access the registers and the program/data memory. The upper 128 bytes are overlapped with the 128 bytes of SFRs in the memory map. Indirect addressing accesses the upper 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM, and direct addressing accesses the SFR area. Direct or indirect addressing can access the lower 128 bytes. There are four banks of eight individual working registers in the lower 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM. The working registers are general-purpose RAM locations that can be addressed within the selected bank by any instructions that use R0-R7. The register bank selection is controlled through the program status register in the SFR area. The contents of the working registers can be used for indirectly addressing the upper 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM. To support the Boolean operations, there are individually addressable bits in both the RAM and SFR areas. In the scratchpad RAM area, registers 20h-2Fh are bit-addressable by software using Boolean operation instructions. Another use of the scratchpad RAM area is for the stack. The stack pointer in the SFRs is used to select storage locations for program variables and for return addresses of control operations.
MEMORY CONFIGURATION
As illustrated in Figure 6, the DS89C420 incorporates two 8kB flash memories for on-chip program memory and 1kB of SRAM for on-chip data memory or a particular range (400-7FF) of "alternate" program memory space. The DS89C420 uses an address scheme that separates program memory from data memory, such that the 16-bit address bus can address each memory area up to 64kB.
PROGRAM MEMORY ACCESS
On-chip program memory begins at address 0000h and is contiguous through 3FFFh (16kB). Exceeding the maximum address of on-chip program memory causes the device to access off-chip memory. However, the maximum on-chip decoded address is selectable by software using the ROMSIZE feature. Software can cause the DS89C420 to behave like a device with less on-chip memory. This is beneficial when overlapping external memory is used. The maximum memory size is dynamically variable. Thus, a portion of memory can be removed from the memory map to access off-chip memory, then be restored to access on-chip memory. In fact, all of the on-chip memory can be removed from the memory map allowing the full 64kB memory space to be addressed from off-chip memory. Program memory addresses that are larger than the selected maximum are automatically fetched from outside the part through ports 0 and 2 (Figure 6). The ROMSIZE register is used to select the maximum on-chip decoded address for program memory. Bits RMS2, RMS1, RMS0 have the following effect:
RMS2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 RMS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 RMS0 ADDRESS 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 MAXIMUM ON-CHIP PROGRAM MEMORY 0k 1k/03FFh 2k/07FFh 4k/0FFFh 8k/1FFFh 16k (default)/3FFFh Invalid-Reserved Invalid-Reserved
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 6. Memory Map
FFFF
FFFF
INTERNAL MEMORY
03FF
1K x 8 SRAM Data OR prog mem addr from 400 - 7FF
4000
INTERNAL REGISTERS 128 Bytes SFR
FF 0000 3FFF
External Program Memory
External Data Memory
128 Bytes Indirect Addressing
80
2000
1FFF
Bit Addressable
8K x 8 Flash Memory (Program)
7F
2F 20 1F
Bank 3 Bank 2 Bank 1 Bank 0
8K x 8 Flash Memory (Program)
0000 0000
03FF
00
0000
The reset default condition is a maximum on-chip program-memory address of 16kB. When accessing external program memory, the first 16kB would be inaccessible. To select a smaller effective program memory size, software must alter bits RMS2-RMS0. Altering these bits requires a timed access procedure as explained later. Care should be taken so that changing the ROMSIZE register does not corrupt program execution. For example, assume that a DS89C420 is executing instructions from internal program memory near the 12kB boundary (~3000h) and that the ROMSIZE register is currently configured for a 16kB internal program space. If software reconfigures the ROMSIZE register to 4kB (0000h-0FFFh) in the current state, the device immediately jumps to external program execution because program code from 4kB to 16kB (1000h-3FFFh) is no longer located on-chip. This could result in code misalignment and execution of an invalid instruction. The recommended method is to modify the ROMSIZE register from a location in memory that is internal (or external) both before and after the operation. In the above example, the instruction that modifies the ROMSIZE register should be located below the 20 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller 4kB (1000h) boundary or above the 16kB (3FFFh) boundary so that it is unaffected by the memory modification. The same precaution should be applied if the internal program memory size is modified while executing from external program memory. For non-page mode operations, off-chip memory is accessed using the multiplexed address/data bus on P0 and the MSB address on P2. While serving as a memory bus, these pins are not I/O ports. This convention follows the standard 8051 method of expanding on-chip memory. Off-chip program memory access also occurs if the EA pin is logic 0. EA overrides all bit settings. The PSEN signal goes active (low) to serve as a chip enable or output enable when port 0 and port 2 fetch from external program memory. The RD and WR signals are used to control the external data memory device. Data memory is accessed by MOVX instructions. The MOVX@Ri instruction uses the value in the designated working register to provide the LSB of the address, while port 2 supplies the address MSB. The MOVX@DPTR instruction uses one of the two data pointers to move data over the entire 64kB external data memory space. Software selects the data pointer to be used by writing to the SEL bit (DPS.0). The DS89C420 also provides a user option for high-speed external memory access by reconfiguring the external memory interface into page mode operation. Note: When using the original 8051 expanded bus structure, the throughput is reduced by 75% compared with that of internal operations. This is due to the CPU being stalled for three out of four clocks waiting for the data fetch, which takes four clocks. Page Mode 1 is the only external addressing mode where the CPU does not require stalls for external memory access, but page misses result in reduced external access performance.
ON-CHIP PROGRAM MEMORY
The processor can fetch the full on-chip program memory range automatically. The reset routines and all interrupt vectors are located in the lower 128 bytes of the on-chip program memory area. On-chip program memory is logically divided into two 8kB flash memory banks and is designed to be programmed with the standard 5V VCC supply by using a built-in program memory loader. It can also be programmed in standard flash or EPROM programmers. The DS89C420 incorporates a memory management unit (MMU) and other hardware to support any of the two programming methods. The MMU controls program and data memory access, and provides sequencing and timing controls for programming the on-chip program memory. There is also a separate security flash block that is used to support a standard three-level lock, a 64-byte encryption array, and other flash options.
SECURITY FEATURES
The DS89C420 incorporates a 64-byte encryption array, allowing the user to verify program codes while viewing the data in encrypted form. The encryption array is implemented in a security flash memory block that has the same electrical and timing characteristics as the on-chip program memory. Once the encryption array is programmed to non-FFh, the data presented in the verify mode is encrypted. Each byte of data is XNORed with a byte in the encryption array during verification. A three-level lock restricts viewing of the internal program and data memory contents. By programming the three lock bits, the user can select a level of security as specified in Table 3. Once a security level is selected and programmed, the setting of the lock bits remains. Only a mass erase can erase these bits to allow reprogramming the security level to a less restricted protection.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Table 3. Flash Memory Lock Bits
LEVEL 1 2 3 4 LB1 1 0 X X LB2 1 1 0 X LB3 1 1 1 0 PROTECTION No program lock. Encrypted verify if encryption array is programmed. Prevent MOVC in external memory from reading program code in internal memory. EA is sampled and latched on reset. Allow no further parallel or program memory loader programming. Level 2 plus no verify operation. Also prevent MOVX in external memory from reading internal SRAM. Level 3 plus no external execution.
The DS89C420 provides user-selectable options that must be set before beginning software execution. The option control register uses flash bits rather than SFRs, and is individually erasable and programmable as a byte-wide register. Bit 3 of this register is defined as the watchdog POR default. Setting this bit to 1 disables the watchdogreset function on power-up, and clearing this bit to 0 enables the watchdog-reset function automatically. Other bits of this register are undefined and are at logic 1 when read. The value of this register can be read at address FCh in parallel programming mode or when executing a verify-option control-register instruction in ROM loader mode. The signature bytes can be read in ROM loader mode or in parallel programming mode. Reading data from addresses 30h, 31h, and 60h provides signature information about manufacturer, part, and extension as follows:
ADDRESS VALUE 30h DAh 31h 42h 60h 01h FUNCTION Manufacturer ID DS89C420 Device ID Device Extension
ROM LOADER
The full 16kB of on-chip flash program-memory space, security flash block, and external SRAM can be programmed in-system from an external source through serial port 0 under the control of a built-in ROM loader. The ROM loader also has an auto-baud feature that determines which baud rate frequencies are being used for communication and sets up the baud rate generator for communication at that frequency. When the DS89C420 is powered up and has entered its user operating mode, the ROM loader mode can be invoked at any time by forcing RST = 1, EA = 0, and PSEN = 0. It remains in effect until power-down or when the condition (RST = 1 and PSEN = EA = 0) is removed. Entering the ROM loader mode forces the processor to start fetching from the 2kB internal ROM for program memory initialization and other loader functions. The read/write accessibility is determined by the state of the lock bits, which can be verified directly by the ROM loader. In the ROM loader mode, a mass-erase operation also erases the memory bank select and sets it to the default state. Otherwise, the memory bank select cannot be altered in the ROM loader mode. The flash memory can be programmed (by the built-in ROM loader) using commands that are received over the serial interface from a host PC. Full details of the ROM loader commands are given in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. Host software to communicate with the ROM loader is available in Windows format as well as other platforms. Contact our technical support department at micro.support@dalsemi.com for more information.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 7. Interfacing the Bootloader to a PC
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING
The microcontroller also supports a programming mode such as that used by commercial device programmers. This mode is of little utility in normal applications and is only used by commercial device programmers. For information on this mode, contact our technical support department at micro.support@dalsemi.com.
ON-CHIP MOVX DATA MEMORY
On-chip data memory is provided by the 1kB SRAM and occupies addresses 0000h through 03FFh. The internal data memory is disabled after a power-on reset, and any MOVX instruction directs the data memory access to the external data memory. To enable the internal data memory, software must configure the data memory enable bits DME1 and DME0 (PMR.1-0). See "SFR Bit Descriptions" in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide for data memory configurations. Once enabled, MOVX instructions with addresses inside the 1k range access the on-chip data memory, and addresses exceeding the 1k range automatically access external data memory. An internal data memory cycle spans only one system clock period to support fast internal execution.
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Table 4. Parallel Programming Instruction Set
INSTRUCTION Mass Erase Write Program Memory Read Program Memory Write Encryption Array Write LB1 Write LB2 Write LB3 Read Lock Bits Write Option Control Register Erase Option Control Register P2.5:0, P1.7:0 Don't care ADDR ADDR ADDR Don't care Don't care Don't care Don't care P0.7:0 Don't care DIN DOUT DIN Don't care Don't care Don't care DOUT PROG PL PL H
(1)
P2.6 H L L L H H H L
P2.7 L H L H H H L L
P3.6 L H H L H L H L
P3.7 L H H H H L L H
OPERATION Mass erase the 16k x 8 program memory, the security block and the bank select. The contents of every memory location is returned to FFh. Program the 16k program memory. Verify the 16k program memory. Program the 64 byte encryption array. Program LB1 to logic 0. Program LB2 and LB1 to 00b. Program LB3, LB2, and LB1 to 000b. Verify the lock bits. The lock bits are at address 40h and the three LSBs of the DOUT are the logic value of the lock bits LB3, LB2, and LB1, respectively. Program the option control register. Bit 3 of the DIN represents the watchdog POR default setting. Erase the option control register. This operation disables the watch-dog reset function on power-up. 30h = Manufacturer ID 31h = Device ID 60h = Device extension FCh = Verify the option control register. Bit 3 of the DOUT is the logic value of the watchdog POR.
(3)
(4) (3)
PL PL PL PL H
(3)
(3) (3)
(4)
Don't care Don't care
DIN Don't care
PL PL
(3)
L H
H L
L L
L H
(2)
Read Address 30, 31, 60, FC
ADDR
DOUT
H
(4)
L
L
L
L
1) 2)
Mass erase requires an active-low PROG pulse width of 828ms. Erase option control register requires an active-low PROG pulse width of 828ms. 3) Byte program requires an active-low PROG pulse width of 100ms max. 4) PROG is weakly pulled to a high internally. Note 1: P3.2 is pulled low during programming to indicate Busy. P3.2 is pulled high again when programming is completed to indicate Ready. Note 2: P3.0 is pulled high during programming to indicate an error.
DATA POINTER INCREMENT/DECREMENT AND OPTIONS
The DS89C420 incorporates a hardware feature to assist applications that require data pointer increment/decrement. Data pointer increment/decrement bits ID0 and ID1 (DPS.6 and DPS.7) define how the INC DPTR instruction functions in relation to the active DPTR (selected by the SEL bit). Setting ID0 = 1 and SEL = 0 enables the decrement operation for DPTR, and execution of the INC DPTR instruction decrements the DPTR contents by 1. Similarly, setting ID1 = 1 and SEL = 1 enables the decrement operation for DPTR1, and execution of the INC DPTR instruction decrements the DPTR1 contents by 1. With this feature, the user can configure the data pointers to operate in four ways for the INC DPTR instruction:
ID1 0 0 1 1 ID0 0 1 0 1 SEL = 0 Increment DPTR Decrement DPTR Increment DPTR Decrement DPTR SEL = 1 Increment DPTR1 Increment DPTR1 Decrement DPTR1 Decrement DPTR1
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller The SEL (DPS.0) bit always selects the active data pointer. The DS89C420 offers a programmable option that allows any instructions related to data pointer to toggle the SEL bit automatically. This option is enabled by setting the toggle-select-enable bit (TSL-DPS.5) to logic 1. Once enabled, the SEL bit is automatically toggled after the execution of one of the following five DPTR-related instructions: INC DPTR MOV DPTR #data16 MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A The DS89C420 also offers a programmable option that automatically increases (or decreases) the contents of the selected data pointer by 1 after the execution of a DPTR-related instruction. The actual function (increment or decrement) is dependent upon the setting of the ID1 and ID0 bits. This option is enabled by setting the automatic increment/decrement enable (AID-DPS.4) to a logic 1 and is affected by one of the following three instructions: MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A
EXTERNAL MEMORY
The DS89C420 executes external memory cycles for code fetches and read/writes of external program and data memory. A non-page external memory cycle is four times slower than the internal memory cycles (i.e., an external memory cycle contains four system clocks). For this reason, although a DS89C420 can be substituted for a ROMless 8051 device (DS80C310, C320, etc.), there is no increase in execution speed. However, a page mode external memory cycle can be completed in 1, 2, or 4 system clocks for a page hit and 2, 4, or 8 system clocks for a page miss, depending on user selection. The DS89C420 also supports a second page mode operation with a different external bus structure that provides for fast external code fetches but uses 4 system clock cycles for data memory access.
EXTERNAL PROGRAM MEMORY INTERFACE (NON-PAGE MODE)
Figure 8 shows the timing relationship for internal and external code fetches when CD1 and CD0 are set to 10b, assuming the microcontroller is in non-page mode for external fetches. Note that an external program fetch takes 4 system clocks, and an internal program fetch requires only 1 system clock. As illustrated in Figure 8, ALE is deasserted when executing an internal memory fetch. The DS89C420 provides a programmable user option to turn on ALE during internal program memory operation. ALE is automatically enabled for code fetch externally, independent of the setting of this option.
PSEN is only asserted for external code fetches, and is inactive during internal execution.
EXTERNAL DATA MEMORY INTERFACE IN NON-PAGE MODE OPERATION
Just like the program memory cycle, the external data memory cycle is four times slower than the internal data memory cycle in non-page mode. A basic internal memory cycle contains one system clock and a basic external memory cycle contains four system clocks for non-page mode operation. The DS89C420 allows software to adjust the speed of external data memory access by stretching the memory bus cycle. CKCON (8Eh) provides an application-selectable stretch value for this purpose. Software can change the stretch value dynamically by changing the setting of CKCON.2-CKCON.0. Table 5 shows the data memory cycle stretch values and their effects on the external MOVX-memory bus cycle and the control signal pulse width in terms of the number of oscillator clocks. A stretch machine cycle always contains four system clocks.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 8. External Program Memory Access (Non-Page Mode and CD1:CD0 = 10)
Internal Memory Cycles
Ext Memory Cycle
C1 C2 C3 C4
Ext Memory Cycle
C1 C2 C3 C4
XTAL1 ALE PSEN
LSB Add Data LSB Add Data
Port 0
MSB Add MSB Add
Port 2
Table 5. Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values
MD2:MD0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 CD0 = 000 CD0 = X10 CD0 = X11 0.5 1 2 2048 1 2 4 4096 2 4 8 8192 3 6 12 12288 4 8 16 16384 5 10 20 20480 6 12 24 24576 7 14 28 28672
As shown in Table 5, the stretch feature supports eight stretched external data-memory access cycles that can be categorized into three timing groups. When the stretch value is cleared to 000b, there is no stretch on external data memory access and a MOVX instruction is completed in two basic memory cycles. When the stretch value is set to 1, 2, or 3, the external data-memory access is extended by 1, 2, or 3 stretch machine cycles, respectively. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the RD/WR control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional setup time and one system clock to create additional address hold time. When using very slow RAM and peripherals, a larger stretch value (4-7) can be selected. In this stretch category, one stretch machine cycle (4 system clocks) is used to stretch the ALE pulse width, one stretch machine cycle is used to create additional setup, one stretch machine cycle is used to create additional hold time, and one stretch machine cycle is added to the RD or WR strobes. Figure 9 and Figure 10 illustrate the timing relationship for external data-memory access in full speed (stretch value = 0), in the default stretch setting (stretch value = 1), and slow data-memory accessing (stretch value = 4) when the system clock is in divide by one mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b).
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 9. Non-Page Mode, External Data-Memory Access (Stretch = 0, CD1:CD2 = 10)
MOVX Instruction
1st Machine Cycle 2nd Machine Cycle
XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD WR Port 0 Port 2
A MOVX A INST A DATA
A
A
MOVX Instruction Fetch
Memory Access Stretch = 0
Figure 10. Non-Page Mode, External Data-Memory Access (Stretch = 1, CD1:CD2 = 10)
MOVX Instruction
1st Machine Cycle 2nd Machine Cycle 3rd Machine Cycle
XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD WR Port 0 Port 2
A MOVX A INST A DATA
A
A
MOVX Instruction Fetch
Memory Access Stretch = 1
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
PAGE MODE, EXTERNAL MEMORY CYCLE
Page mode retains the basic circuitry requirement for original 8051 external memory interface, but alters the configuration of P0 and P2 for the purposes of address output and data I/O during external memory cycles. Additionally, the functions of ALE and PSEN are altered to support this mode of operation. Setting the PAGEE (ACON.7) bit to logic 1 enables page mode. Clearing the PAGEE bit to a logic 0 disables the page mode and the external bus structure defaults to the original 8051 expanded bus configuration (non-page mode). The DS89C420 supports page mode in two external bus structures. The logic value of the page mode select bits in the ACON register determines the external bus structure and the basic memory cycle in the number of system clocks. Table 6 summarizes this option. The first three selections use the same bus structure but with a different memory cycle time. Setting the select bits to 11b selects another bus structure. Write access to the ACON register requires a timed access.
Table 6. Page Mode Select
PAGES1:PAGES0 00 01 10 CLOCKS PER MEMORY CYCLE PAGE HIT PAGE MISS 1 2 4 2 4 8 EXTERNAL BUS STRUCTURE P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of the address. P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of the address. P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of the address. P0: Lower address byte. P2: The upper address byte is multiplexed with the data byte. Note: This setting affects external code fetches only; accessing the external data memory requires 4 clock cycles, regardless of page hit or miss.
11
2
4
The first page mode (page mode 1) external bus structure uses P2 as the primary address bus, (multiplexing both the most significant byte (MSB) and least significant byte (LSB) of the address for each external memory cycle) and P0 is used as the primary data bus. During external code fetches, P0 is held in a high-impedance state by the processor. Op codes are driven by the external memory onto P0 and latched at the end of the external fetch cycle at the rising edge of PSEN. During external data read/write operations, P0 functions as the data I/O bus. It is held in a high-impedance state for external reads from data memory, and driven with data during external writes to data memory. A page miss occurs when the MSB of the subsequent address is different from the last address. The external memory machine cycle can be 2, 4, or 8 system clocks in length for a page miss. A page hit occurs when the MSB of the subsequent address does not change from the last address. The external memory machine cycle can be 1, 2, or 4 system clocks in length for a page hit.
During a page hit, P2 drives Addr0-7 of the 16-bit address while the most significant address byte is held in the external address latches. PSEN, RD, and WR strobe accordingly for the appropriate operation on the P0 data bus. There is no ALE assertion for page hits. During a page miss, P2 drives the Addr [8:15] of the 16-bit address and holds it for the duration of the first half of the memory cycle to allow the external address latches to latch the new most significant address byte. ALE is asserted to strobe the external address latches. During this operation, PSEN, RD, and WR are held in inactive states and P0 is in a high-impedance state. The second half of the memory cycle is executed as a page-hit cycle and the appropriate operation takes place. A page miss can occur at set intervals or during external operations that require a memory access into a page of memory that has not been accessed during the last external cycle. Generally, the first external memory access causes a page miss. The new page address is stored internally, and is used to detect a page miss for the current external memory cycle. 28 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller Note that there are a few exceptions for this mode of operation when PAGES1 and PAGES2 are set to 00b:
PSEN is asserted for both page hit and page miss for a full clock cycle. The execution of external MOVX instruction causes a page miss. A page miss occurs when fetching the next external instruction following the execution of an external MOVX instruction.
Figure 11 shows the external memory cycle for this bus structure. The first case illustrates a back-to-back execution sequence for 1-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = PAGES0 = 0b). PSEN remains active during page-hit cycles, and page misses are forced during and after MOVX executions, independent of the most significant byte of the subsequent addresses. The second case illustrates a MOVX execution sequence for 2-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = 0 and PAGES0 = 1). PSEN is active for a full clock cycle in code fetches. Note that changing the MSB of the data address causes the page misses in this sequence. The third case illustrates a MOVX execution sequence for 4-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = 1 and PAGES0 = 0). There is no page miss in this execution cycle because the most significant byte of the data address is assumed to match the last program address. The second page mode (page mode 2) external bus structure multiplexes the most significant address byte with data on P2, and uses P0 for the least significant address byte. This bus structure is used to speed up external code fetches only. External data-memory access cycles are identical to the non-page mode except for the different signals on P0 and P2. Figure 12 illustrates the memory cycle for external code fetches.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 11. Page Mode 1, External Memory Cycle (CD1:CD0 = 10)
Internal Memory Cycles External Memory Cycles
XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD / WR
PAGES=00
Port 0 Port 2
Inst
Inst
MOVX
MOVX
Data
Inst
Data
MSB
LSB
LSB
LSB Page Hit
LSB
MSB
LSB
MSB
LSB
MSB
LSB
MSB
Page Miss
Data Access MOVX executed
Page Miss
Data Access
MOVX executed
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0 Port 2
MSBAdd
Page Miss MOVX
PAGES=01
Inst
Data
LSB Add
LSB Add
Page Hit
MSBAdd
LSB Add
MSBAdd
Page Miss next instruction
Data Access MOVX executed
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0
Inst
Data PAGES=10
Port 2
MSBAdd
Page Miss
LSB Add
LSB Add
Data Access
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 12. Page Mode 2, External Code Fetch Cycle (CD1:CD0 = 10)
Internal Memory Cycles Ext Code Fetches
Page Miss Page Hit Page Hit
C1
C2
C3
C4
C1
C2
C1 C2
XTAL1 ALE PSEN Port 0
LSB Add LSB Add LSB Add
Port 2
MSB Add
Data
Data
Data
STRETCH EXTERNAL DATA MEMORY CYCLE IN PAGE MODE
The DS89C420 allows software to adjust the speed of external data memory access by stretching the memory bus cycle in page mode operation just like non-page mode operation. The following tables summarize the stretch values and their effects on the external MOVX-memory bus cycle and the control signals' pulse width in terms of the number of oscillator clocks. A stretch machine cycle always contains four system clocks, independent of the logic value of the page mode select bits.
Table 7. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (Pages1:Pages0 = 00)
MD2:MD0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
STRETCH CYCLES
0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10
RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 CD0 = 000 CD0 = X10 CD0 = X11 0.25 0.5 1 1024 0.75 1.5 3 3072 1.75 3.5 7 7168 2.75 5.5 11 11,264 3.75 7.5 15 15,360 4.75 9.5 19 19,456 5.75 11.5 23 23,552 6.75 13.5 27 27,648
Table 8. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (Pages1:Pages0 = 01)
MD2:MD0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
STRETCH CYCLES
0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10
RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 CD0 = 000 CD0 = X10 CD0 = X11 0.25 0.5 1 1024 0.75 1.5 3 3072 1.75 3.5 7 7168 2.75 5.5 11 11,264 3.75 7.5 15 15,360 4.75 9.5 19 19,456 5.75 11.5 23 23,552 6.75 13.5 27 27,648
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Table 9. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (Pages1:Pages0 = 10)
MD2:MD0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
STRETCH CYCLES
0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10
RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 CD0 = 000 CD0 = X10 CD0 = X11 0.5 1 2 2048 1 2 4 4096 2 4 8 8192 3 6 12 12,288 4 8 16 16,384 5 10 20 20,480 6 12 24 24,576 7 14 28 28,672
Table 10. Page Mode 2, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (Pages1:Pages0 = 11)
MD2:MD0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
STRETCH CYCLES
0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10
RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 CD0 = 000 CD0 = X10 CD0 = X11 0.5 1 2 2048 1 2 4 4096 2 4 8 8192 3 6 12 12,288 4 8 16 16,384 5 10 20 20,480 6 12 24 24,576 7 14 28 28,672
As shown in the previous tables, the stretch feature supports eight stretched external data-memory access cycles that can be categorized into three timing groups. When the stretch value is cleared to 000b, there is no stretch on external data-memory access and a MOVX instruction is completed in two basic memory cycles. When the stretch value is set to 1, 2, or 3, the external data memory access is extended by 1, 2, or 3 stretch memory cycles, respectively. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional address setup and data bus float time, and one system clock to create additional address and data hold time. When using very slow RAM and peripherals, a larger stretch value (4-7) can be selected. In this stretch category, two stretch cycles are used to create additional setup (the ALE pulse width is also stretched by one stretch cycle for page miss) and one stretch cycle is used to create additional hold time. The following timing diagrams illustrate the external data-memory access at divide-by-1 system clock mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b).
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 13. Page Mode 1, External Data Memory Access (Pages = 01, Stretch = 1, CD = 10)
XTAL1
MOVX Instruction
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0 Port 2
Inst Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
MSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
Memory Access (Stretch =1)
MOVX Instruction
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0 Port 2
Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst Inst
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
MSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
MOVX Inst Fetch
Memory Access (Stretch =1)
MOVX Instruction
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0 Port 2
Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst Inst
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
MSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
LSB Addr
MOVX Inst Fetch
Memory Access (Stretch =1)
Figure 13 illustrates the external data-memory stretch cycle timing relationship when PAGEE = 1 and PAGES1:PAGES0 = 01. The stretch cycle shown is for a stretch value of 1 and is coincident with a page miss. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the RD/WR control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional setup and one system clock to create additional hold time.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Figure 14. Page Mode 1, External Data Memory Access (Pages = 01, Stretch = 4, CD = 10)
MOVX Instruction (Page miss)
1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 9th Cycle
XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD / WR
Inst Inst Inst Inst Data Inst Inst
Port 0 Port 2
LSB LSB LSB LSB MSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
MOVX Instruction Fetch
Memory Access (Stretch = 4)
MOVX Instruction (Page hit)
ALE PSEN RD / WR Port 0 Port 2
Inst Inst Inst
1st 2nd Cycle Cycle
3rd Cycle
4th Cycle
5th Cycle
9th Cycle
Inst Data
Inst
Inst
Inst
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
LSB
MOVX Instruction Fetch
Memory Access (Stretch = 4)
Figure 14 shows the timing relationship for a slow peripheral interface (stretch value = 4). Note that a page hit datamemory cycle is shorter than a page miss data-memory cycle. The ALE pulse width is also stretched by a stretch cycle in the case of page miss. The stretched data-memory bus-cycle timing relationship for PAGES = 11 is identical to non-page mode operation since the basic data-memory cycle always contains four system clocks in this page mode operation.
INTERRUPTS
The DS89C420 provides 13 interrupt vector sources. All interrupts, with the exception of the power-fail, are controlled by a series combination of individual enable bits and a global enable (EA) in the interrupt enable register (IE.7). Setting EA to logic 1 allows individual interrupts to be enabled. Setting EA to a logic 0 disables all interrupts 34 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller regardless of the individual interrupt enable settings. The power-fail interrupt is controlled by its individual enable only. The interrupt enables and priorities are functionally identical to those of the 80C52, except that the DS89C420 supports five levels of interrupt priorities instead of the original two.
INTERRUPT PRIORITY
There are five levels of interrupt priority: level 4 to 0. The highest interrupt priority is level 4, which is reserved for the power-fail interrupt. All other interrupts have individual priority bits in the interrupt priority registers to allow each interrupt to be assigned a priority level from 3 to 0. The power-fail interrupt always has the highest priority if it is enabled. All interrupts also have a natural hierarchy. In this manner, when a set of interrupts has been assigned the same priority, a second hierarchy determines which interrupt is allowed to take precedence. The natural hierarchy is determined by analyzing potential interrupts in a sequential manner with the order listed in Table 11.
Table 11. Interrupt Summary
INTERRUPT
Power-Fail External Interrupt 0 Timer 0 Overflow External Interrupt 1 Timer 1 Overflow Serial Port 0 Timer 2 Overflow Serial Port 1 External Interrupt 2 External Interrupt 3 External Interrupt 4 External Interrupt 5 Watchdog
VECTOR
33h 03h 0Bh 13h 1Bh 23h 2Bh 3Bh 43h 4Bh 53h 5Bh 63h
NATURAL ORDER 0 (Highest)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (Lowest)
FLAG
PFI (WDCON.4) IE0 (TCON.1)** TF0 (TCON.5)* IE1 (TCON.3)** TF1 (TCON.7)* RI_0 (SCON0.0) TI_0 (SCON0.1) TF2 (T2CON.7) EXF2 (T2CON.6) RI_1 (SCON1.0) TI_1 (SCON1.1) IE2 (EXIF.4) IE3 (EXIF.5) IE4 (EXIF.6) IE5 (EXIF.7) WDIF (WDCON.3)
ENABLE
EPFI(WDCON.5) EX0 (IE.0) ET0 (IE.1) EX1 (IE.2) ET1 (IE.3) ES0 (IE.4) ET2 (IE.5) ES1 (IE.6) EX2 (EIE.0) EX3 (EIE.1) EX4 (EIE.2) EX5 (EIE.3) EWDI (EIE.4)
PRIORITY CONTROL
N/A LPX0 (IP0.0) MPX0 (IP1.0) LPT0 (IP0.1) MPT0 (IP1.1) LPX1 (IP0.2) MPX1 (IP1.2) LPT1 (IP0.3) MPT1 (IP1.3) LPS0 (IP0.4) MPS0 (IP1.4) LPT2 (IP0.5) MPT2 (IP1.5) LPS1 (IP0.6) MPS1 (IP1.6) LPX2 (EIP0.0) MPX2 (EIP1.0) LPX3 (EIP0.1) MPX3 (EIP1.1) LPX4 (EIP0.2) MPX4 (EIP1.2) LPX5 (EIP0.3) MPX5 (EIP1.3) LPWDI (EIP0.4) MPWDI (EIP1.4)
*Cleared automatically by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. **If the interrupt is edge triggered, cleared automatically by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. If the interrupt is level triggered, the flag follows the state of the pin.
The processor indicates that an interrupt condition occurred by setting the respective flag bit. This bit is set regardless of whether the interrupt is enabled or disabled. Unless marked in Table 11, all these flags must be cleared by software.
TIMER/COUNTERS
Three 16-bit timers are incorporated in the DS89C420. All three timers can be used as either counters of external events, where 1-to-0 transitions on a port pin are monitored and counted, or timers that count oscillator cycles. Table 12 summarizes the timer functions. Timers 0 and 1 both have three modes of operations. They can each be used as a 13-bit timer/counter, a 16-bit timer/counter, or an 8-bit timer/counter with auto-reload. Timer 0 has a fourth operating mode as two 8-bit 35 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller timer/counters without auto-reload. Each timer can also be used as a counter of external pulses on the corresponding T0/T1 pin for 1-to-0 transitions. The timer mode (TMOD) register controls the operation mode. Each timer consists of a 16-bit register in 2 bytes, which can be found in the SFR map as TL0, TH0, TL1, and TH1. The timer control (TCON) register enables Timers 0 and 1.
Table 12. Timer Functions
FUNCTIONS Timer/Counter Timer with Capture External Control-Pulse Counter Up/Down Auto-Reload Timer/Counter Baud Rate Generator Timer-Output Clock Generator TIMER 0 * 13/16/8 /2 x 8 bit No Yes No No No TIMER 1 * 13/16/8 bit No Yes No Yes No TIMER 2 16 bit Yes No Yes Yes Yes
*8-bit timer/counter includes auto-reload feature; 2- x 8-bit mode does not.
Timer 2 is a true 16-bit timer/counter that, with a 16-bit capture (RCAP2L and RCAP2H) register, is able to provide some unique functions like up/down auto-reload timer/counter and timer-output clock generation. Timer 2 (registers TL2 and TH2) is enabled by the T2CON register, and its mode of operation is selected by the T2MOD register. Each timer has a selectable time base (Table 14). Following a reset, the timers default to divide-by-12 to maintain drop-in compatible with the 8051. If Timer 2 is used as a baud rate generator or clock output, its time base is fixed at divide by 2, regardless of the setting of its timer mode bits. For details of operation, refer to "Programmable Timers" in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide.
TIMED ACCESS
The timed access function provides control verification to system functions. The timed access function prevents an errant CPU from making accidental changes to certain SFR bits that are considered vital to proper system operation. This is achieved by using software control when accessing the following SFR control bits: WDCON.0 WDCON.1 WDCON.3 WDCON.6 EXIF.0 ACON.5 ACON.6 ACON.7 ROMSIZE.0 ROMSIZE.1 ROMSIZE.2 ROMSIZE.3 FCNTL.0 FCNTL.1 FCNTL.2 FCNTL.3 FC0 FC1 FC2 FC3 RWT EWT WDIF POR BGS PAGES0 PAGES1 PAGEE RMS0 RMS1 RMS2 PRAME Reset Watchdog Timer Watchdog Reset Enable Watchdog Interrupt Flag Power-On Reset Flag Bandgap Select Page Mode Select Bit 0 Page Mode Select Bit 1 Page Mode Enable Program Memory Size Select Bit 0 Program Memory Size Select Bit 1 Program Memory Size Select Bit 2 Program RAM Enable Flash Command Bit 0 Flash Command Bit 1 Flash Command Bit 2 Flash Command Bit 3
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller Before these bits can be altered, the processor must execute the timed access sequence. This sequence consists of writing an AAh to the timed access (TA, C7h) register, followed by writing a 55h to the same register within three machine cycles. This timed sequence of steps then allows any of the timed-access-protected SFR bits to be altered during the three machine cycles, following the writing of the 55h. Writing to a timed access-protected bit outside of these three machine cycles has no effect on the bit. The timed-access process is address-, data-, and time-dependent. A processor running out of control and not executing system software cannot statistically perform this timed sequence of steps, and as such, will not accidentally alter the protected bits. It should be noted that this method should be used in the main body of the system software and never used in an interrupt routine in conjunction with the watchdog reset. Interrupt routines using the timed-access watchdog-reset bit (RWT) can recover a lost system and allow the resetting of the watchdog, but the system returns to a lost condition once the RETI is executed, unless the stack is modified. It is advisable that interrupts be disabled (EA = 0) when executing the timed-access sequence, since an interrupt during the sequence adds time, making the timed-access attempt fail.
POWER MANAGEMENT AND CLOCK-DIVIDE CONTROL
The DS89C420 incorporates power management features that monitor the power-supply voltage levels and support low-power operation with three power-saving modes. Such features include a bandgap voltage monitor, watchdog timer, selectable internal ring oscillator, and programmable system clock speed. The SFRs that provide control and application software access are the watchdog control (WDCON, D8h), extended interrupt enable (EIE, E8h), extended interrupt flag (EXIF, 91h), and power control (PCON, 87h) registers.
SYSTEM CLOCK-DIVIDE CONTROL
The programmable clock-divide control bits (CD1 and CD0) provide the processor with the ability to adapt to different crystals and also to slow the system clocks providing lower power operation when required. An on-chip crystal multiplier allows the DS89C420 to operate at two or four times the crystal frequency by setting the 4X/2X bit and is enabled by setting the CTM bit to a logic 1. An additional circuit provides a clock source at divide-by-1024. When used with a 7.372MHz crystal, for example, the processor executes machine cycle in times ranging from 33.9ns (divide-by-0.25) to 138.9ms (multiply-by-1024), and maintains a highly accurate serial port baud rate while allowing the use of more cost-effective, lower-frequency crystals. Although the clock-divide control bits can be written at any time, certain hardware features have been provided to enhance the use of these clock controls to guarantee proper serial port operation, and also to allow for a high-speed response to an external interrupt. The 01b setting of CD1 and CD0 is reserved, and has the same effect as the 10b setting, which forces the system clock into a divide by 1 mode. The DS89C420 defaults to divide-by-1 clock mode on all forms of reset. When programmed to the divide-by-1024 mode, and the switchback bit (PMR.5:SWB) is also set, the system forces the clock-divide control bits to reset automatically to the divide-by-1 mode whenever the system has detected externally enabled interrupts. The oscillator divide ratios of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 are also used to provide standard baud-rate generation for the serial ports through a forced divide-by-12 input clock (TxMH, TxM = 00b, x = 1, 2, or 3) to the timers. When in divide-by-1024 mode, in order to allow a quick response to incoming data on a serial port, the system uses the switchback mode to automatically revert to divide-by-1 mode whenever a start bit is detected. This automatic switchback is only enabled during divide-by-1024 mode, and all other clock modes are unaffected by interrupts and serial port activity. See Power Management Mode for more details. Use of the divide-by-0.25 or 0.5 options through the clock-divide control bits requires that the crystal multiplier be enabled and the specific system-clock-multiply value be established by the 4X/2X bit in the PMR register. The multiplier is enabled through the CTM (PMR.4) bit but cannot be automatically selected until a startup delay has been established through the CKRY bit in the status register. The 4X/2X bit can only be altered when the CTM bit is cleared to logic 0. This prevents the system from changing the multiplier until the system has moved back to the divide-by-1 mode and the multiplier has been disabled through the CTM bit. The CTM bit can only be altered when the CD1 and CD0 bits are set to divide-by-1 mode and the RGMD bit is cleared to 0. Setting the CTM to logic 1 from a previous logic 0 automatically clears the CKRY bit in the status register and starts the multiplier startup timeout in the multiplier startup counter. During the multiplier startup period the CKRY bit remains cleared and the CD1 and CD0 clock controls cannot be set to 00b. The CTM bit is cleared to logic 0 on all resets. Figure 15 gives a 37 of 47
DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller simplified diagram of the generation of the system clocks. Specifics of hardware restrictions associated with the use of the 4X/2X CTM, CKRY, CD1, and CD0 bits are outlined in the SFR description.
Figure 15. System Clock Sources
4X/2X CTM Crystal Oscillator Clock Multiplier
MUX Divide 1024
System Clock
Ring Oscillator
Ring Enable
CD0 CD1
Selector
BANDGAP-MONITORED INTERRUPT AND RESET GENERATION
The power monitor in the DS89C420 monitors the VCC pin in relation to the on-chip bandgap voltage reference. Whenever VCC falls below VPFW , an interrupt is generated if the corresponding power-fail interrupt-enable bit EPFI (WDCON.5) is set, causing the device to vector to address 33h. The power-fail interrupt-status bit PFI (WDCON.4) is set anytime VCC transitions below VPFW , and can only be cleared by software once set. Similarly, as VCC falls below VRST, a reset is issued internally to halt program execution. Following power-up, a power-on reset initiates a power-on reset timeout before starting program execution. When VCC is first applied to the DS89C420, the processor is held in reset until VCC > VRST and a delay of 65,536 oscillator cycles has elapsed, to ensure that power is within tolerance and the clock source has had time to stabilize. Once the reset timeout period has elapsed, the reset condition is removed automatically and software execution begins at the reset vector location of 0000h. The power-on reset flag POR (WDCON.6) is set to logic 1 to indicate a power-on reset has occurred, and can only be cleared by software. When the DS89C420 enters stop mode, the bandgap, reset comparator, and power-fail interrupt comparator are automatically disabled to conserve power, if the BGS (EXIF.0) bit is set to a logic 0. This is the lowest power mode. If BGS is set to logic 1, the bandgap reference, reset comparator, and the power-fail comparator are powered up, although in a reduced fashion, while in stop mode.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
WATCHDOG TIMER
The watchdog timer functions as the source of both the watchdog interrupt and the watchdog reset. When the clock divider is set to 10b, the interrupt timeout has a default divide ratio of 217 of the crystal oscillator clock, with the watchdog reset set to timeout 512 system clock cycles later. This results in a 33MHz crystal oscillator producing an interrupt timeout every 3.9718ms, followed 15.5s later by a watchdog reset. The watchdog timer is reset to the default divide ratio following any reset. Using the WD0 and WD1 bits in the clock control (CKCON.6 and 7) register, other divide ratios can be selected for longer watchdog interrupt periods. Table 13 summarizes the watchdog bit settings and the timeout values.
Note: All watchdog-timer reset timeouts follow the programmed interrupt timeouts by 512 system clock cycles, which equates to varying numbers of oscillator cycles depending on the clock-divide (CD1:0) and crystal multiplier settings.
Table 13. Watchdog Timeout Value (in Number of Oscillator Clocks)
4X/2X CD1:0 WATCHDOG INTERRUPT TIMEOUT WD1:0 = 00 WD1:0 = 01 WD1:0 = 10 WD1:0 = 11
1 0 x x x
00 00 01 10 11
2 16 2 17 2 17 2 2
27
15
2 19 2 20 2 20 2 2
30
18
2 22 2 23 2 23 2 2
33
21
2 25 2 26 2 26 2 2
36
24
WD1:0 = 00
2 + 128 16 2 + 256 17 2 + 512 17 2 + 512 2
27
15
WATCHDOG RESET TIMEOUT WD1:0 = 01 WD1:0 = 10
2 + 128 19 2 + 256 20 2 + 512 20 2 + 512
30
18
2 + 128 22 2 + 256 23 2 + 512 23 2 + 512
33
21
WD1:0 = 11
2 + 128 25 2 + 256 26 2 + 512 26 2 + 512
36
24
+ 524,288 2
+ 524,288 2 + 524,288 2
+ 524,288
A watchdog control (WDCON) SFR is used for programming the functions. EWT (WDCON.1) is the enable for the watchdog-timer reset function and RWT (WDCON.0) is the bit used to restart the watchdog timer. Setting the RWT bit restarts the timer for another full interval. If the watchdog timer reset function is masked by the EWT bit and no resets are issued to the timer through the RWT bit, the watchdog timer generates interrupt timeouts at a rate determined by the programmed divide ratio. WDIF (WDCON.3) is the interrupt flag set at timer termination and WTRF (WDCON.2) is the reset flag set following a watchdog-reset timeout. The watchdog interrupt is enabled by the EWDI bit (EIE.4) when it is set to 1. The watchdog timer reset and interrupt timeouts are measured by counting system clock cycles. An independent watchdog timer functions as the crystal startup counter to count 65,536 crystal clock cycles before allowing the crystal oscillator to function as the system clock. This warmup time is verified by the watchdog timer following each power-up as well as each time the crystal is restarted following a stop mode. The watchdog is also used to establish a startup time whenever the CTM in the PMR register is set to enable the crystal multiplier (4X/2X). One of the applications of the watchdog timer is for the watchdog to wake up the system from idle mode. The watchdog interrupt can be programmed to allow a system to wake up periodically to sample the external world.
EXTERNAL RESET
If the RST input is taken to a logic 1, the device is forced into a reset state. An external reset is accomplished by holding the RST pin high for at least 3 clock cycles while the oscillator is running. Once the reset state is invoked, it is maintained as long as RST is pulled to logic 1. When the RST is removed, the processor exits the reset state within 4 clock cycles and begins execution at address 0000h. If a RST is applied while the processor is in stop mode, the RST causes the oscillator to begin running and forces the program counter to 0000h. There is a reset delay of 65,536 clock cycles to allow the oscillator to stabilize. The RST pin is a bidirectional I/O. If a reset is caused by a power-fail reset, a watchdog timer reset, or an internal system reset, an output-reset pulse is also generated at the RST pin. This reset pulse is asserted as long as an internal reset is asserted and may not be able to drive the reset signal out if the RST pin is connected to an RC circuit. Connecting the RST pin to a capacitor does not affect the internal reset condition.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
OSCILLATOR-FAIL DETECT
The DS89C420 incorporates an oscillator fail-detect circuit that, when enabled, causes a reset if the crystal oscillator frequency falls below 20kHz and holds the chip in reset with the ring oscillator operating. Setting the OFDE (PCON.4) bit to logic 1 enables the circuit. The OFDE bit is only cleared from logic 1 to logic 0 by a powerfail reset or by software. A reset caused by an oscillator failure also sets the OFDF (PCON.5) to logic 1. This flag is cleared by software or power-on reset. Note that this circuit does not force a reset when the oscillator is stopped by the software-enabled stop mode.
POWER MANAGEMENT MODE
Power management mode offers a software-controllable power-saving scheme by providing a reduced instruction cycle speed, which allows the DS89C420 to continue to operate while using an internally divided version of the clock source to save power. Power management mode is invoked by software setting the clock-divide control bits CD1 and CD0 (PMR.7-6) bits to 11b, which sets an operating rate of 1024 oscillator cycles for 1 machine cycle. On all forms of reset, the clock-divide control bits default to 10b, which selects 1 oscillator cycle per machine cycle. Since the clock speed choice affects all functional logic including timers, the DS89C420 implements several hardware switchback features that allow the clock speed to automatically return to the divide-by-1 mode from a reduced cycle rate. Setting the SWB (PMR.5) bit to a 1 in software enables this switchback function. When CD1 and CD0 are programmed to the divide-by-1024 mode and the SWB bit is also enabled, the system forces the clock-divide control bits to automatically reset to the divide-by-1 mode whenever the system detects an externally enabled (and allowed through nesting priorities) interrupt. The switchback occurs whenever one of the two conditions occur. The first switchback condition is initiated by the detection of a low on either INT0, INT1, INT3 or INT5, or a high on INT2 or INT4 when the respective pin has been programmed and allowed (through nesting priorities) to issue an interrupt. The second switchback condition occurs when either serial port is enabled to receive data and is found to have an active-low transition on the respective receive input pin. Serial port transmit activity also forces a switchback if the SWB is set. Note that the serial port activity, as related to the switchback, is independent of the serial port interrupt relationship. Any attempt to change the clock divider to the divide-by-1024 mode while the serial port is either transmitting or receiving has no effect, leaving the clock control in the divide-by1 mode. Note also that the switchback interrupt relationship requires that the respective external interrupt source is allowed to actually generate an interrupt as defined by the priority of the interrupt and the state of the nested interrupts, before the switchback can actually occur. An interrupt by the serial port is not required, nor is the setting of serial port enable. Disabling external interrupts and serial port receive/transmission mode disable the automatic switchback mode. Clearing the SWB bit also disables the switchback, and all interrupt and serial port controls of the clock divider are disabled. All other clock modes ignore the switchback relationship and are unaffected by interrupts and serial port activity. The basic divide-by-12 mode for the timers (TxMH, TxM = 00b), as well as the divide-by-32 and 64 for mode 2 on the serial ports, are maintained when running the processor with the oscillator divide ratio of 0.25, 0.5, and 1. Serial ports and timers track the oscillator cycles per machine cycle when the higher divide ratio of 1024 is selected, and require the switchback function to automatically return to the divide-by-1 mode for proper operation when a qualified event occurs. Table 14 summarizes the effect of clock mode on timer operation. It is possible to enable a receive function on a serial port when incoming data is not present and then change to the higher divide ratio. An inactive serial port receive/transmit mode requires the receive input pin to remain high and all outgoing transmissions to be completed. During this inactive receive mode it is possible to change the clockdivide control bits from a divide-by-1 to a 1024 divide ratio. In the case when the serial port is being used to receive or transmit data it is very important to validate an attempted change in the clock-divide control bits (read CD1 and CD0 to verify write was allowed) before proceeding with low-power program functions.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Table 14. Effect of Clock Mode on Timer Operation (in Number of Oscillator Clocks)
OSC. CYCLES 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 PER MACHINE CYCLE
100 000 x01 x10 x11
x = don't care
OSC. CYCLES PER TIMERS (0, 1, 2) CLOCK
TxMH, TxM = 00 01 1x
OSC. CYCLES PER TIMER 2 CLOCK
OSC. CYCLES PER SERIAL PORT CLOCK MODE 0
OSC. CYCLES PER SERIAL PORT CLOCK MODE 2
BAUD RATE GENERATOR SM2 = 0 SM2 = 1 SMOD = 0 SMOD = 1 T2MH, T2M = xx
0.25 0.5 1 (reserved) 1 (default) 1,024
12 12
1 2 --
0.25 0.5
2 2 --
3 6 -- 12 12,288
1 2
64 64 --
32 32
12
4
1
2 2,048
4 4,096
64 65,536
32 32,768
12,288 4,096 1,024
RING OSCILLATOR
A ring oscillator, which typically runs at 10MHz, allows the processor to recover instantly from the stop mode. When the system is in stop mode the crystal is disabled. When stop mode is removed, the crystal requires a period of time to start up and stabilize. To allow the system to begin immediate execution of software following the removal of the stop mode, the ring oscillator is used to supply a system clock until the crystal startup time is satisfied. Once this time has passed, the ring oscillator is switched off and the system clock is switched over to the crystal oscillator. This function is programmable and is enabled by setting the RGSL bit (EXIF.1) to logic 1. When it is logic 0, the processor delays software execution until after the 65,536 crystal clock periods. To allow the processor to know whether it is being clocked by the ring or the crystal oscillator, an additional bit, termed the RGMD bit, indicates which clock source is being used. When the processor is running from the ring, the clockdivide control bits (CD1 and CD0 in the PMR register) are locked into the divide-by-1 mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b). The clock-divide control bits cannot be changed from this state until after the system clock transitions to the crystal oscillator (RGMD = 0).
Note: The watchdog is permanently connected to the crystal oscillator and continues to run at the external clock rate. The ring oscillator does not drive it.
IDLE MODE
Idle mode suspends the processor by holding the program counter in a static state. No instructions are fetched and no processing occurs. Setting the IDLE bit (PCON.0) to logic 1 invokes idle mode. The instruction that executes this step is the last instruction prior to freezing the program counter. Once in Idle mode, all resources are preserved but all peripheral clocks remain active, and the timers, watchdog, serial ports, and power monitor functions continue to operate, so that the processor can exit the idle mode using any interrupt sources that are enabled. The oscillator-detect circuit also continues to function when enabled. The IDLE bit is cleared automatically once idle mode is exited. On returning from the interrupt vector using the RETI instruction, the next address is the one that immediately follows the instruction that invoked the idle mode. Any processor resets also remove the idle mode.
STOP MODE
The stop mode disables all circuits within the processor. All on-chip clocks, timers, and serial port communication are stopped, and no processing is possible. Stop mode is invoked by setting the STOP bit (PCON.1) to logic 1. The processor enters the stop mode on the instruction that sets the bit. The processor can exit stop mode by using any of the six external interrupts that are enabled.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller An external reset by the RST pin unconditionally exits the processor from stop mode. If the BGS bit is set to logic 1, the bandgap provides a reset while in stop mode if VCC should drop below the VRST level. If BGS is 0, no reset is generated if VCC drops below VRST. When the stop mode is removed, the processor waits for 65,536 clock cycles for the internal flash memory to warm up before starting normal execution. Also, the processor waits for the crystal warmup period if not using the ring oscillator.
SERIAL I/O
The DS89C420 provides a serial port (UART) that is identical to the 80C52. In addition, it includes a second hardware serial port that is a full duplicate of the standard one. This port optionally uses pins P1.2 (RXD1) and P1.3 (TXD1) and has duplicate control functions included in new SFR locations. Both ports can operate simultaneously but can be at different baud rates or even in different modes. The second serial port has similar control registers (SCON1 at C0h, SBUF1 at C1h) as the original. The new serial port can only use timer 1 for timer-generated baud rates. Control for serial port 0 is provided by the SCON0 register while its I/O buffer is SBUF0. Registers SCON1 and SBUF1 provide the same functions for the second serial port. A full description of the use and operation of both serial ports is in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide.
INSTRUCTION SET
The DS89C420 instructions are 100% binary compatible with the industry standard 8051, and are only different in the number of machine cycles used for the instructions. Some special conditions and features should be considered when analyzing the DS89C420 instruction set. Full details are given in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide.
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
PACKAGE INFORMATION
(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/DallasPackInfo.)
PKG DIM A A1 A2 b c D E E1 e L eB
40-PIN MIN -- 0.015 0.140 0.014 0.008 1.980 0.600 0.530 0.090 0.115 0.600 MAX 0.200 -- 0.160 0.022 0.012 2.085 0.625 0.555 0.110 0.145 0.700
56-G5000-000 Dimensions are in inches (in).
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
Note 1: Pin 1 identifier to be located in zone indicated. Note 2: Controlling dimensions are in inches (in).
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
TOP VIEW TOP VIEW 33 6 7 Dallas Semiconductor DS89C420 1 40 39 34 Dallas Semiconductor DS89C420 22 23
44 17 18 28 29
12
PLCC
1
11
TQFP
TOP VIEW P1.0/T2 P1.1/T2EX P1.2/RXD1 P1.3/TXD1 P1.4/INT2 P1.5/INT3 P1.6/INT4 P1.7/INT5 RST P3.0/RXD0 P3.1/TXD0 P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD XTAL2 XTAL1 VSS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DS89C420 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 VCC P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7 P2.6 P2.5 P2.4 P2.3 P2.2 P2.1 P2.0
DIP
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DS89C420 Ultra-High-Speed Microcontroller
REVISION HISTORY
REVISION
092200 122601 042702 051302 103102 032003 102203 Initial release Added errata (See www.maxim-ic.com/errata for details.) Official product introduction release Inserted AC Characteristics table Removed (Min Operating Voltage) from DC Electrical Characteristics; inserted diagram of ROM loader interface circuit Added 25MHz variant information Modified Figure 7 to support programmer-only operation. Clarified availability of progamming software. Corrected min/max external clock speed table in Note 1. Removed detailed parallel programming instructions and repalced with a note to contact factory for more information.
DESCRIPTION
081805
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Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
(c) 2005 Maxim Integrated Products * Printed USA
The Maxim logo is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. The Dallas logo is a registered trademark of Dallas Semiconductor.

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